中图分类号:S436.41 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-4330(2025)02-0379-07
0 引言
【研究意义】玉米螟俗称玉米钻心虫、箭杆虫[],其生态适应性强,世代重叠,除为害玉米外,还为害高梁、谷子、蚕豆、菜豆等多种农作物[2-5] 。目前在全球主要有欧洲玉米螟Ostrinianubilalis(Hubern)(Europeancornborer,ECB)和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)(Asian corn borer,ACB)为害玉米。亚洲玉米螟主要分布于东亚、东南亚和西太平洋岛屿附近[6]。欧洲玉米螟主要分布于欧洲、北美洲、北非和西亚[7],中国新疆伊犁河谷地区是亚洲玉米螟和欧洲玉米螟的混生区[8-9]。利用形态学准确分类鉴定亚洲玉米螟与欧洲玉米螟难度较大,线粒体基因近年用作分类鉴定的辅助手段,COI基因是线粒体基因中应用最为广泛的基因,同时COI基因常被用于分析亲缘关系较为密切的种、亚种及地理种群之间的系统发育关系,但DNA提取是运用该技术的必要前提[10-12]。因此以玉米螟末龄幼虫的虫蜕为材料,不损伤虫体,通过比较分析不同方法提取玉米螟虫蜕效果,筛选出适用于玉米螟提取虫蜕DNA方法,对后续亚欧玉米螟物种分离鉴定及分子试验相关研究有重要意义。【前人研究进展】郑美艳等[13利用斜纹夜蛾、二点委夜蛾、小菜蛾末龄幼虫虫蜕和蛹壳提取DNA用于昆虫基因功能的单对交配策略相关研究。对于与斜纹夜蛾和二点委夜蛾相近或更大的昆虫,可以利用单头末龄幼虫蜕或蛹壳提取基因组DNA,均较准确。刘文彬等[14利用摇蚊蛹期蜕皮提取DNA用于不同虫态配套、近缘种区分等相关研究,提供了质量高、纯度大的摇蚊科蛹期蜕皮痕量DNA方法。【本研究切入点】利用末龄虫蜕提取DNA,是一种可以被应用于无损伤提取鳞翅目幼虫的方法,需通过提取玉米螟老熟幼虫虫蜕基因组DNA(gDNA),从而建立一套应用于鳞翅目昆虫玉米螟的无形态特征损伤、经济适用、操作简单和提取质量高方法,不影响试验虫体正常生长发育,且得率高的一种gDNA提取方法。【拟解决的关键问题】以玉米螟虫蜕为材料,改进试验室常规提取DNA方法,筛选一种经济适用、操作简单、快速且能满足后续PCR扩增能力的基因组DNA提取方法,以满足无损伤提取虫蜕DNA准确获得欧洲玉米螟室内种群的目的。
一 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1. 1.1 虫蜕获得
供试玉米螟虫源为2022年3月上旬采自新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州新源县塔勒德镇(
的越冬代老熟幼虫,单头放置于 1 . 5 m L 离心管中,室内补水解除滞育,放置于
、相对湿度 R H= 7 5 % ± 5 % 、光周期
的光照培养箱内,待其化蛹,于室内使用人工饲料饲养[15]。取
内玉米螟末龄幼虫化蛹前的虫蜕。图1
1.1.2 仪器与设备
精密移液枪(德国Eppendorf);Sorvall ST16ST16R高速冷冻离心机(美国赛默飞世尔);迷你离心机(Cubee); H H- S4 数显恒温水浴锅(江苏省金坛市医疗仪器厂); T C- 9 6 / G/ H( b) ( C荧光定量PCR扩增仪(杭州博日科技股份有限公司);DYY-6D型电泳仪(北京市六一生物科技有限公司);Dolphin-DocPlus凝胶成像仪(美国Wealtec公司);超微量分光光度计(上海元析仪器有限公司)。

1.1.3试剂
DNAisoReagent购于宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;乙二胺四乙酸钠(EDTA-2Na)、三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、(Tris-HCI)购于上海生工生物工程技术服务公司;十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)购于普博欣生物工程有限公司;Nonidet 缓冲液购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氯仿、 ⋅β -巯基乙醇(β-Mercaptoethanol)硅胶模离心吸附柱购于北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限责任公司;Taq酶、RNA酶、蛋白酶
PCR master-MixII、DL2OOOPlusDNAMarker购于天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;引物由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成。
(1)提取液a:采用宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司生产的DNA提取DNAisoReagent试剂盒提取液。
(2)提取液b:Tris( p H= 8 . 0 ), 5 0 μ L ;0.5MEDTA , Nonidet P- 4 0 , 5 0 μ L; 2 0 m g/ mL 蛋白
补至 1 0 m L 。
(3)提取液c:CTAB, EDTA, 6 m L :
1PVP,
巯基乙醇
补至100m L 。
(4)提取液d:清水。
(5)洗脱液:10mmol/LTris和1mmol/LED-TA ( )。
1.2 方法
1.2. 1 试验设计
将3种提取玉米螟虫蜕基因组DNA方法步骤与提取液a ∇⋅ b∇⋅ c⋅ d 重新组合,细胞壁的破碎采
用灭菌后的配套研钵进行充分研磨。表1
1.2.2 基因组DNA的提取方法
使用DNAiso Reagent 试剂盒法(KM)[16]、蛋白酶法(PM)[17]、Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide
(CM)[13.18],3 种方法提取玉米螟虫蜕基因组DNA,细胞壁的破碎采用灭菌后的配套研钵充分研磨。表2

1.2.3 DNA纯度和浓度检测
改进常规提取方法,提取虫蜕DNA,使用微量分光光度计,以 作为空白对照,进行检测。读取所测定DNA质量浓度( n g / μ L )和纯度(
)[19]。利用SPSS26.0统计软件对试验数据进行方差和显著性分析。
1.2.4 PCR扩增检测
3种方法共使用96头虫体和96个虫蜕为提取样本,各步骤分别对32头虫体、32个虫蜕进行提取,每种步骤分别使用不同提取液对8个样本进行提取,8个样本互为生物学重复,技术重复3次。使用引物GU093522.1,上游引物5-GCT-
CAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3,下游引物5 -TAAACTTC TGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA -3,扩增玉米螟mt COI,反应体系 5 0 μ L ,其中DNA模板 2 . 4 μ L ,上下游引物各 PCRmaster Mix 2 5 μ L 。PCR程序为:
预变性5
变性20s, 5 2 % 退火 3 0 s , 7 2 c 延伸1
个循环,最后
延伸
。取 5 μ L 产物在 1 % 的琼脂糖凝胶, 1 0 0 V 电泳分离35
。在Dolphin-DocPlus凝胶成像仪检测PCR扩增情况。

2 结果与分析
2.1 不同方法提取DNA浓度和纯度检测比较
研究表明,不同方法所提取DNA浓度和纯度存在显著性差异。DNA提取浓度最高是PM与提取液b组合 ) n g / μ L ,浓度最低是KM与提取液 c 组合
) n g / μ L 。利用KM与提取液c组合提取的DNA纯度最高(
,纯度最低为PM与提取液 b 组合(
。KM与提取液c组合所提取的虫蜕得率最高,且可以获得纯度较好的基因组DNA,PM与提取液b组合所提取虫蜕所得的DNA浓度最高,但得率不高。2种方法可适用于玉米螟虫蜕DNA的有效提取。表3
2.2 PCR扩增结果
研究表明,KM中虫体PCR扩增成功24头,虫蜕PCR扩增成功为8头;PM中虫体PCR扩增成功8头,虫蜕PCR扩增成功为8头;CM中虫体PCR扩增成功9头,虫蜕PCR扩增成功为0头。以提取的虫蜕gDNA做模板,仅KM中处理3、PM中处理6可得到单一、明显的条带,且大小与预期目的片段一致。处理3电泳条带最明亮清晰,提取的DNA完整性较高,且浓度较纯。处理6虫蜕电泳条带较暗,PM提取DNA浓度虽高,但质量不稳定,得率不高。CM中9-12处理经多次尝试未能扩增出预期片段。PCR产物扩增结果。图2,表4



注:M为DL2000DNAmarker,数字1\~8为样本虫蜕 Notes:M representsDL2OOO DNAmarker,Numbers1-8 indicatethe molt of the specimen

3讨论
郑美艳利用试剂盒法对小菜蛾末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳提取gDNA,由于小菜蛾末龄幼虫蜕和蛹壳太小,DNA浓度太低,PCR扩增失败。但是试验利用PM提取虫蜕的DNA浓度最高,为( 2 3 . 0 3 ± 0 . 0 1 ) n g / μ L ,其纯度不高,有较模糊的条带,可能是杂质较多RNA未除净,对DNA模板的干扰严重,不利于后续PCR扩增。CM中处理11,可以提取出玉米螟虫体DNA、但无条带显现,且均有不同程度的弥散,表明该法提取的DNA中可能含有未被除掉的蛋白质,和一些其它的次生代谢产物,这些物质具有粘黏性,易跟DNA结合形成复合物,导致DNA完整性不好。与前人结果存在一定差异。PM整体耗时 4 0 m i n ,用时最短,在需快速获得DNA并对DNA质量要求不高的情况下可选择此法。处理3提取虫蜕的DNA浓度平均值为 ( 8 . 4 6 ± 0 . 2 2 ) n g / μ L ,符合提取要求,纯度较高为1.86,能提取到满足普通PCR扩增要求的较高质量DNA样本,而且该提取方法稳定高效。研究仅提取了玉米螟老熟幼虫虫蜕,对玉米螟蛹蜕和其他鳞翅目大小相近的昆虫尚未进行试验尝试,因此,后续有待进一步研究。
4结论
满足虫蜕COI分子标记的扩增需求仅有处理3和处理6。处理3可用于玉米螟虫蜕的DNA提取,即使用试剂盒法的步骤搭配c提取液,该方法对样本无损伤、成本低、步骤简单,可满足后续玉米螟物种鉴定及玉米螟分子试验研究的相关需求。
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Screening and verification of DNA extraction methods suitable for corn borer molting
SUN Jianbo1,² ,DING Xinhua² ,JIA Zunzun²,GAO Guowen1,², FU Kaiyun²,Tuerxun Ahemaiti²,Anniwaer Kuerban1,GUO Wenchao² (1. College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 83O052, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministryof Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety/Institute of Plant Protection,Xinjiang Academy ofAgricultural Sciences, Urumqi ,China)
Abstract:【Objective】 Ostrinia furnacalis is the main pest that causes maize yield reduction in Xinjiang. Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubern)and Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)are sister species that are dificult to be identified by morphology.The Yili River Valley in Xinjiang is a mixed occurrence area of the Eurasian corn borer, so it is very important to carryout accurate isolationand identification ofthe Eurasian corn borer in this area. a non-destructive extraction method forthe corn borer willbe used to eficiently establish a pure line population,which is very important for the later biological ecology research.【Methods】The purpose of this paper is to establish a DNA extraction method without morphological damage,economical,simple,rapid and can met the subsequent PCR amplification detection technology. Based on the common DNA extraction methods such as screening kit method (KM),protease method(PM and CTAB method(CM),the DNA extraction,target C O I (20 sequence amplification and agarose gel detection of cor borer molt were carried out.【Results】The screening results showed that the effective extraction method for the molt was treatment 3:protease method.The DNA concentration of the molt extracted by the protease method was the highest,which was ( )ng/ μ L ,but its purity was not high,which was not conducive to subsequent PCR amplification. The average concentration of DNA extracted by treatment 3 was ( 8 . 4 6 ± 0 . 2 2 ) n g / μ L , meeting the extraction requirements, and the purity was 1.86,meeting the subsequent PCR amplification experiment.【Conclusion】 The treatment 3 and protease method mentioned in this paper can be used to extract gDNA from corn borer molt in large quantities,and at the same time to cary out population identification and subsequent experimental research. Both of them have the advantages of no damage to corn borer,low cost,simple steps,avoiding the harm of chloroform and isopropanol to human body,and it has higher amplification efciency than the protease method.
Key words:corn borer;larval exuviate;DNA extraction; kit method;protease method